The origins and influence of Jim, Mark Twain’s beloved yet polarizing literary figure
 
Mark Twain’s Jim, introduced in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), is a shrewd, self‑aware, and enormously admirable enslaved man, one of the first fully drawn Black fathers in American fiction. Haunted by the family he has left behind, Jim acts as father figure to Huck, the white boy who is his companion as they raft the Mississippi toward freedom. Jim is also a highly polarizing figure: he is viewed as an emblem both of Twain’s alleged racism and of his opposition to racism; a diminished character inflected by minstrelsy and a powerful challenge to minstrel stereotypes; a reason for banning Huckleberry Finn and a reason for teaching it; an embarrassment and a source of pride for Black readers.
 
Eminent Twain scholar Shelley Fisher Fishkin probes these controversies, exploring who Jim was, how Twain portrayed him, and how the world has responded to him. Fishkin also follows Jim’s many afterlives: in film, from Hollywood to the Soviet Union; in translation around the world; and in American high school classrooms today. The result is Jim as we have never seen him before—a fresh and compelling portrait of one of the most memorable Black characters in American fiction.

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PRAISE:

“Lift(s) Jim out of Twain’s frame as a nimble intellect in disguise.” —The New Yorker

"Astute. . . . Sheds new light on a much-studied character.”—Publishers Weekly

"Few know more about Mark Twain than Stanford Professor Shelley Fisher Fishkin, and few have done more to excavate the racial world of Twain’s America than she has. The author of the landmark book Was Huck Black? Fishkin here writes a biography and critical history of Huckleberry Finn’s companion, the enslaved Jim…. Jim is someone we have often made our own: We project our fears, our sentiments, our fantasies on him. Here, Fishkin restores life to the character. She argues that Twain wished to create a figure of creative power—of imagination, bravery, and eloquence—and dramatize the net that slavery cast over him. Jim comes back, here, as a figure of great wit. Fishkin has a fine ear for comedy in Twain, and a great insight into dialect. In scene after scene, Fishkin shows how Jim is “more active, smart, and assertive…than he is often given credit for.” Jim’s adventures have lived on: stage adaptations, films, classroom discussions, popular cultural artifacts, and so forth. Any reader of Percival Everett’s award-winning novel James should read Fishkin’s book as a scholarly mirror through which to better perceive this great character and ourselves. A powerful work of historical scholarship that brings to life one of American fiction’s most complex creations.” —Kirkus Reviews

“Fishkin—the intellectual colossus of Mark Twain’s work—has written an extraordinary and necessary explication of Twain’s iconic and transcendent character Jim—the moral arbiter of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.”—Min Jin Lee, author of Free Food for Millionaires

“Fishkin crowns her career as a distinguished Mark Twain scholar with this inspired study of his immortal Jim. Exhaustively researched and eloquently argued, it represents a singular service to our national self-knowledge.”—Arnold Rampersad, author of The Life of Langston Hughes

“Brilliant, original, persuasive, and comprehensive, Fishkin’s Jim is the definitive analysis of the most controversial and misunderstood character in American fiction—indispensable to comprehending Huckleberry Finn. A tour de force!”—Robert Paul Lamb, author of Art Matters: Hemingway, Craft, and the Creation of the Modern Short Story

“On first looking into Fishkin’s Jim I envisioned an Elysian toast: Mark says, ‘Jim, here’s to the gentlewoman who finally got you right.’ Jim says, ‘No, Mark, here’s to the brilliant scholar who got us both right.’”—David Bradley, author of The Chaneysville Incident

“A captivating narrative about enslavement and racism well beyond the fictional character Jim.”—G. Faye Dant, founder of Jim’s Journey: The Huck Finn Freedom Center
 
“Fishkin stands at the pinnacle of Mark Twain studies and criticism. Her astonishing gifts have taken her, and us, far beyond the often-cramped field of enquiries into Mark Twain. She has stood virtually alone in her insistence on race as the thematic foundation of Mark Twain’s literary greatness, producing books, essays, papers and lectures that break open the deceptively bland yet wickedly subtle strategies through which Twain became a defiant truth-teller. . . . Jim, at the end, is nothing short of a call to hope: hope that even in morally chaotic times such as ours, words—written well, read responsibly, and evaluated with bold sophistication—can save us.”—Ron Powers, author of Mark Twain: a Life